Lateral view
• lateral malleolus
• lateral condyle of knee
• greater trochanter of the femur
• sacral promontory
• mid-body of L3
• greater tuberosity of the humerus
• external auditory meatus
Posterior view
• mid heel point
• gluteal crease
• spinous processes of: sacral vertebrae lumbar vertebrae thoracic vertebrae cervical vertebrae
• inion
Anterior view
• mid heel point
• pubic symphysis
• umbilicus
• xiphoid process
• midsternum
• episternal notch
• symphysis menti
• glabella
center of gravity
L3; point about which the body balances in every direction moment to moment
postural decompensation
Compensated postures are not ideal but will often be asymptomatic and functional unless overly stressed; decompensation occurs when an individual’s functional homeostatic mechanisms are overwhelmed or when the degree of pathological change becomes structurally incapable of resisting gravitational force.
gait analysis
Length of stride
Arm swing
Heel strike
Toe off
Pelvic tilt
Is there internal or external rotation of either leg?
Do toes point inward or outward?
Active ROM
Motion accomplished by the patient
Passive ROM
Motion accomplished by the physician
Flexion: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
cervical: 45-90
Thoracic: none
Lumbar: 70-90
Extension: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
cervical: 45-90
Thoracic: none
Lumbar: 30-45
Side bending: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
cervical: 30-45
thoracic:
T1-4: 5-25
T5-8: 10-30
T9-12: 20-40
lumbar: 25-30
Rotation: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
cervical: 70-90
thoracic: 70-90
lumbar: none