Criminology Unit 3

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Absolute deprivation

a state of living without basic necessities

Automatic mimicry

imitation of others’ behavior without our conscious awareness we are
doing so

Conformity

the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms

Conspicuous consumption

spending money to demonstrate wealth and status

Coping skills

strategies for dealing with problems in life

Deviance amplification

a pattern of deviant behavior that turns into a cycle of deviance that
builds on itself

Differential association

when individuals base their behaviors on their association and
interaction with others

Differential enforcement

the idea that some categories of people are more likely to be
labeled as deviant and be punished more harshly

Discrimination

the prejudicial treatment of an individual based on his or her membership (or
perceived membership) in a certain group

Drift

shifting between values that are deviant or criminal and values that are culturally accepted

Economic depravation

disadvantages that relate to access to material needs, income, and
wealth

General strain theory

the view that crime results from various stressors including those that go
beyond socioeconomic class

Individual discrimination

incidents of prejudicial treatment perpetrated by individuals

institutional discrimination

incidents of prejudicial treatment perpetrated by social
institutions

Labeling (social reaction) theory

the view that people become deviant when they are labeled
that way and this becomes a part of the person’s identity

Negative affective states

difficult emotions produced by stressors, such as anger and
frustration

Obediance

a form of social influence in which a person accepts instructions or orders from an authority figure

Parental labeling

labeling by a parent as deviant, often involving negative consequences to the
person being labeled

Primary deviance

an undetected initial violation of social norms

Priming

a form of memory that causes us to make associations without our conscious knowledge

Procriminal definitions

values and behaviors that promote crime

Rationalization

justifications for behaviors that may not be accepted by others

Relative deprivation

the perception that one is disadvantaged when compared to others

Retrospective labeling

process of recasting past actions in light of a current deviant identity

Secondary deviance

the process of becoming defined by deviant behavior

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect)

a prediction that, by being voiced, causes itself to come true

Self-labeling

labeling oneself as deviant

Self-stigma

disapproval of oneself as a result of internalizing the disapproval of others

Social class

segment of population whose members share similar economic level, attitudes, values, norms, and identifiable lifestyle

Social influence

the impact of others on our beliefs, values, and behavior

Social institution

any structure or mechanism of social order governing the behavior of a set of
individuals within a given community.

Social stigma

the disapproval of a person because they do not fit the require social norms that are given in society

Social support

the perception or reality of care or assistance from others in managing stressors

Socialization

the process of learning one's culture and how to live within it

Spatial contagion

the spreading of criminal behavior from one neighborhood to another

Stereotype

a belief about a group of individuals that people apply to any given individual
deemed to be part of that group

Stimuli

events or situations that result in a reaction

Strain theory

the view that crime results from a person of less economic means feeling
frustrated with what she cannot obtain

Stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth and power

Stressors

events or situations that lead to a stress response, often involving a sense of feeling out of control

Theory of differential association

the view that criminal behavior is learned between individuals who are close to one another