The temperature of a given mass of confined gas is constant, and the product of its pressure and volume is also constant.
BOYLE'S LAW
Formula: P1V1=P2V2
A quantity that only has magnitude.
SCALAR QUANTITY
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
VECTOR QUANTITY
The rate at which work is performed of energy is converted.
POWER
Formula: P=W/t
The amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance.
WORK
Formulas: W=energy
W=Fd
The energy is made by motion.
KINETIC ENERGY
Unit of power.
WATT
1 watt= 1J/1S
An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.
NEWTON'S FIRST LAW: Inertia
If the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.
NEWTON'S SECOND LAW
The refraction or bending of light takes place when it travels from medium to medium.
SNELL'S LAW
This law states that there is an equal and opposite reaction for every action.
NEWTON'S THIRD LAW
The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure.
CHARLES' LAW
Given the mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
PRESSURE LAW
The amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature.
HEAT CAPACITY
The quantity of heat (J) absorbed per unit mass (kg) of the material when its temperature increases by 1 K (or 1 °C)
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
The quantity of heat required to convert the unit mass of the substance from the solid to the liquid state without a change in temperature.
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
The heat required to change one mole of liquid at its boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure.
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION
The value is calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
The angle of incidence that offers an angle of refraction of 90 degrees.
CRITICAL ANGLE
The distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus
FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS
A point (on the principal axis) where parallel incident rays meet after reflecting or refracting.
PRINCIPAL FOCUS
1/v-1/u=1/f
LENS FORMULA
The distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave.
WAVELENGTH
The number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time
FREQUENCY
The maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position.
AMPLITUDE
The quality of a sound is governed by the rate of vibrations producing it.
PITCH
The property of sound which is used for differentiating between loud and faint sounds.
LOUDNESS
The number of harmonics of a fundamental frequency of an instrument.
QUALITY
A motion in which all points on a wave whose oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of the wave's advance.
TRANSVERSE WAVE
A wave that consists of a periodic disturbance or vibration that takes place in the same direction as the advance of the wave.
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
The distance the wave travels in a given amount of time.
WAVE SPEED
A law that states that like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract.
LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS
Two or more of these are said to be connected in sequence and the same amount of current flows through all of them.
RESISTORS IN SERIES
Two or more of these are said to be connected in parallel and the same amount of current flows through all of them.
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it
OHM’S LAW
Formula: V=IR
The same amount of electricity is passed through different electrolytes, and the masses of ions deposited at the electrodes are directly proportional to their chemical equivalents.
FARADAY’S 2ND LAW
An induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it.
LENZ’S LAW
The thumb shows the direction of current while the curly fingers show the direction of magnetic field lines of force.
RIGHT-HAND GRIP RULE
The forefinger is lined up with magnetic field lines pointing from north to south. the second finger is lined up with the current pointing from positive to negative. the thumb shows the direction of the motor effect force on the conductor carrying the current.
FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE
Fleming's right-hand rule gives which direction the current flows. The right hand is held with the thumb, index finger, and middle finger mutually perpendicular to each other (at right angles). The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field.
FLEMING’S RIGHT-HAND RULE
Like poles repel one another and unlike poles attract each other
LAW OF MAGNETISM
For relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load.
HOOKE’S LAW
Is the nucleus of Helium, and it consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
ALPHA PARTICLES
High-speed electrons.
BETA PARTICLES
Electromagnetic waves.
GAMMA RAYS
The number of protons in an atom and is the number of a chemical element in the periodic system.
ATOMIC NUMBER
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
MASS NUMBER
Has the same number of protons as an element, but different numbers of neutrons.
ISOTOPE
The length of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms of a specific radionuclide to decay.
HALF-LIFE
The substance's mass per unit of volume.
DENSITY
Formula: d = M/V
The ratio between the density of a body and the density of some other reference body.
RELATIVE DENSITY
The perpendicular force per unit area.
PRESSURE
Formula: P= F/A
The turning effect of a force.
MOMENT
Formula: Moment= Fd
The total clockwise moment about a point equals the total anticlockwise moment about the same point.
LAW OF MOMENTS
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Mass in motion.
MOMENTUM
p=mv
In an isolated system, two objects that collide have the same combined momentum before and after the collision.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
U=mgh
a comparison of the energy output to the energy input in a given system.
EFFICIENCY
The rate at which an object changes its velocity.
ACCELERATION
Is calculated by dividing the total distance that something has traveled by the total amount of time it took it to travel that distance.
AVERAGE SPEED
The changes in position or displacement (∆x) are divided by the time intervals (∆t) in which the displacement occurs.
AVERAGE VELOCITY
The point through which the force of gravity acts on an object or system.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
v = u + a t s = u t + 1 2 a t 2
s= (u+v2)t v 2 = u 2 + 2 a s
CONSTANT ACCELERATION EQUATIONS OF MOTION