"The human genome", "diploid, 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes thus 46 pairs of chromosomes. Of a pair of chromosomes , 1 is maternal the other paternal. Sex chromosomes determine is individual is male XY or female XX" "Karyotype", "Chromosome makeup of an individual Each chromosome of the karyotype is sorted and numbered according to size" "What is lyonisation and why is it necessary", "Lyonisation: when one X chromosome in each cell is inactivated during early development of the embryo. Necessary to stop female from having double the expression of all X chromosome proteins in her cells where such overexpression would be harmful and very likely fatal." "Barr body", "inactivated chromosome that is excluded from the nucleus" "Chromosomal mutations", "esult in visible changes in the chromosomes. Aneuploidy cause is non-disjunction( non-seperation) of chromatids or parts of chromatids during meisosis." "Chromosomal disorders", "Occur when entire chromosome is affected. Whole chromosome may be deleted or duplicated or there may be large breakage, deletions or duplications within chromosome. A euploid person has 23 pairs of chromosomes An aneuploid does not have 23 pairs e.g Down syndrome" "List the chromosomal disorders", "E.g of chromosomal disorders: Down syndrome (trisomy 21) extra chromosome Kleinfelter syndrome (47 XXY) extra X chromoxome Turner syndrome (45 XO) second sex chromosome is lacking" "Autosomal disorders", "Due to mutation in a single gene on an autosome. May be dominant ( one damaged allele)or recessive (both alleles damaged)" "Dominant autosomal disorder", "tends to affect structural proteins disease affects heterozygotes non-uniform expression onset of disease may be delayed neither parent may have the disease When inherited, generations may be skipped" "Marfan syndrome", "Half building blocks are defective, cell cannot assemble structure properly. Is an autosomal dominant disorder due to mutation in one of the fibrillin genes." "Recessive autosomal disorder", "affects enzymes disease occurs in homozygotes more uniform expression onset of disease is early in life Generally both parents have disease or are carriers more common than autosomal dominant when inherited generations may be skipped" "Cystic fibrosis", "autosomal recessive disorder" "X-linked disorders", "inherited on the X chromosome Most are recessive, disease expressed when X chromosome is abnormal. Female affected if the X chromosomes are abnormal, has Turner syndrome or as a result of lyonisation. Only males are affected and daughters inherit the disease from father, sons don't inherit Females are carriers All daughters of affected male are carriers" "Sex-linked disorders", "Haemophilia A red-green colour- blindness Duchenne muscular dystrophy" "Mitochondrial disorders", "All mitochondria inherited through the female line Typically progressive and not obvious at birth and affect cells non-uniformly Mitochondria are important in neurological tissues and skeletal muscles Cannot be inherited from father e.g lebers hereditary optic atrophy"
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