"Civil Rights Act of 1964", "Landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women." "Civil Rights Movement", "A political, legal, and social movement for equality before the law, which included noted legislation and organized efforts to abolish public and private acts of racial discrimination against African Americans and other disadvantaged groups between 1954 to 1968, particularly in the southern United States." "de facto segregation", "segregation "in fact," practices which existed in American society but we're not supported by law (particularly after 1954)." "de jure segregation", "segregation "by law," legal statutes which existed prior to the Brown decision of 1954." "Dr. Martin Luther King: (1929-1968)", "An American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement, best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world using nonviolent methods." "George Wallace", "the governor of Alabama (and 1968 presidential candidate) was a major supporter of segregation." "March on Washington", "Formally known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, it was a major civil rights march of 250,000 that took place on August 28, 1963, at which Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial." "Montgomery Bus Boycott", "A legal and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama lasting from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, until December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, leading to the United States Supreme Court decision declaring segregated busing in Alabama and Montgomery unconstitutional." "Plessy v. Ferguson", "a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal. "" "Rosa Parks: (1913 - 2005)", "An African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called "the first lady of civil rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement". On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger, triggering the Montgomery Bus Boycott." ""Separate but Equal"", "Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law that justified systems of segregation. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each group's public facilities be equal. The phrase was derived from a Louisiana law of 1890." "Voting Rights Act of 1965", "Landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S." "Warren Court", "refers to the Supreme Court of the United States between 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways." "Birmingham, AL", "this Alabama city was the center of both segregationist practice and civil rights activists' opposition to that practice." "freedom ride", "Any one of a number of bus trips through parts of the southern U. S. in the 1960s, made by groups of civil rights activists demonstrating their opposition to racial prejudice and segregation." "Mississippi Freedom Summer", "a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many, African American voters as possible in Mississippi which had historically excluded most blacks from voting." "nonviolent civil disobedience", "the practice of achieving goals through peaceful protest and the refusal to submit to unjust laws." "sit-in", "A form of direct action that involves one or more people nonviolently occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change." "Martin Luther King, Jr", "arrested in 1963 for illegally marching, King's open letter defended the practice of nonviolent resistance and became the most widely-read treatise on the American civil rights movement." "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", "in this open letter, King defends nonviolent resistance as a tactic for peaceful change." ""Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen"", "this letter from Alabama clergymen criticized King and his tactics, provoking his response with the Letter." "Black Panther Party", "An African-American revolutionary leftist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982 that through provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes achieved national and international notoriety and permanently altered the contours of American Identity." "Black Power Movement", "A movement among people of Black African descent throughout the world, though primarily by African Americans in the United States, that was prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests and advance black values." "Black Pride", "a cultural movement among African Americans to encourage pride in their African heritage and to substitute African and African American art forms, behaviors, and cultural products for those of whites" "Executive order 11063", "Signed by President John F. Kennedy on November 20, 1962, this Order "prohibits discrimination in the sale, leasing, rental, or other disposition of properties and facilities owned or operated by the federal government or provided with federal funds. "" "freedom ride", "Any one of a number of bus trips through parts of the southern U. S. in the 1960s, made by groups of civil rights activists demonstrating their opposition to racial prejudice and segregation." "Malcom X", "(May 19, 1925-February 21, 1965) To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history." "Robert Kennedy", "(November 20, 1925-June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was Attorney General during the administration of his brother John Kennedy, later a Democratic senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist." "affirmative action", "A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group with the aim of creating a more racially equal society through preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare, etc." "Americans with Disabilities Act", "A wide-ranging civil rights law that affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did for other groups." "Brown Berets", "A Chicano nationalist activist, Mexican Americans that emerged during the Chicano Movement in the late 1960s and remains active to the present day. The group was seen as part of the Third Movement for Liberation. The Brown Berets focus on community organizing against police brutality and advocate for educational equality." "Chicano Movement", "An extension of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, which began in the 1940s and gained prominence in the 1960s, with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment." "disability rights movement", "The movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for people with disabilities." "disability", "State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like." "Don't Ask, Don't Tell "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT)", "prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service" "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965", "Immigration legislation that removed yearly, numerical quotas based on the immigrant's country of origin and implemented a system of ranking potential immigrants based on skills and family relationships." "immigration", "Coming into a non-native country for the purpose of permanent residence." "Indian Civil Rights Act", "A law that applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes." "Indian reservation", "An area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs." "internment camp", "A governmental euphemism for a concentration camp, especially a non-Nazi one from before or during WWII; a detention center; a relocation camp." "Latino", "A term used in the U.S. to describe people of Latin American descent or origin." "LGBT Rights Movement", "rights movement Activist efforts of individuals and organizations to improve the social and legal standing of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people." "national origins quota", "laws Immigration laws restricting the number of people who may legally enter the U.S. from any given country." "redistricting", "the process of drawing boundaries for United States electoral areas, often in response to population changes determined by the results of the decennial census" "Stonewall Riots Riots", "against a police raid that took place on June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City, which propelled LGBT activism and visibility." "Trail of Broken Treaties", "A cross-country protest in the United States by American Indian and First Nations organizations that took place in the autumn of 1972 and designed to bring attention to American Indian issues, such as treaty rights, living standards, and inadequate housing." "The Dream Act", "Proposed legislation that would provide conditional permanent residency to certain undocumented residents of good moral character who graduate from U.S. high schools, arrived in the United States as minors, and lived in the country continuously for at least five years prior to the bill's enactment." "Yellow Peril", "A period of xenophobia in the early 1900s that resulted in laws restricting the immigration and naturalization of people of Asian origin." "civil rights", "The term civil rights is used to imply that the state has a role in ensuring all citizens have equal protection under the law and equal opportunity to exercise the privileges of citizenship regardless of race, religion, sex, or other characteristics unrelated to the worth of the individual." "Civil liberties", "The term civil liberties is used to refer to guarantees of freedom of speech, press, or religion; due process of law; and other limitations on the power of the state to restrain or dictate the actions of individuals."
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