Mersenne ones are one less than power of 2; every even integer greater than two can be expressed as a sum of two (Goldbach's conjecture); Miller-Rabin test can find them; Reimann's hypothesis could describe their distribution; 8th of Hilbert's problems describes them; Fermat names special case; Fermat's Little Theorem can give Carmichael or pseudo ones; Wall-Sun-Sun type; twin ones differ by two; Euler proved that there are an infinite number
prime numbers
founder of quantum theory; 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics; momentum divided by namesake constant is De Broglie's wavelength; namesake constant explains photoelectric effect and Heisenberg uncertainty principle; solved ultraviolet catastrophe; names an epoch in which gravity dominated the four fundamental forces; names smallest measurable unit in the universe
Max Planck
student of Tycho Brahe; laws formulating after observing Mars; determined most efficient way to back a sphere; author of Mysterium Cosmographicum; Platonic solids in sphere could measure six known planets; planets move in elliptical orbit around the Sun (law of ellipses/first law); lines connecting planets and Sun will sweep out in equal areas of time, which is derived from the law of conservation of angular momentum (law of equal areas/second law); The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its semi-major axis (law of harmonies, third law)
Kepler
pool of mercury; contradicted Fizeau experiment; half-silvered mirror; replicated with Dayton Miller; related to Trouton-Noble and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments; Fitzgerald and Lorentz used time dilation as explanation; Sagnac effect discovered in variant; related to Hammar experiment
Michelson-Morley experiment