What are examples of softwoods?
pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, larch, and hemlock
what are examples of deciduous or hardwoods?
oak, ash, beech, birch, elm, maple, poplar, sycamore, walnut, mahogony, rosewood, cherry, and teak.
In most interiors, timber is required to have what percentage of moisture content. What about for external and roof work?
8-15% moisture content internally and 18% for external/roof work.
The visual impact of flooring is at least BLANK percent of a room. Allow at least BLANK
percent of the budget for this eye full!
30% and 30%
Define: Concrete
a wet combination of cement aggregate and water mixed together
Define: Cement
A dry mix of chalk and clay ground into fine particles then heated until they fuse to form ball-shaped particles of cement clinker.
What is Sick Building Syndrome?
(SBS) is ued to describe situations in which building occupants experience accute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints are related to poor indoor air quality.
Define: Conifer or softwoods
Particularly pine, are used for rough carpentry or joinery and finished strip and panel work. They are sometimes referred to as carcass woods.
Define: Deciduous trees or hardwoods
Denser than softwoods; some are so dense that they sink in water. Hardwoods are chosen for their beauty, quality, and function.
Define: Limestone
the most common sedimentary stone. Fossils of plant debris and animal bodies occur in limestone.
Define: Sedimentary stone. What are examples?
Sedimentary rock is formed when small particles of silt or sand are deposited into beds where the sheer weight of continuous deposit layers creates enough pressure to form a solid stone. Travertine and Mexican Onyx are examples.
Define: Granite
Is an example of igneous rock, which is rock that solidifies from a molten state.
Define: Sandstone
A sedimentary stone which is resistant to high temperature and can be safely used in hearth and fireplace design. It is not slippery
Define: Marble and Slate
Are beautiful examples of metamorphic stones, with wonderful colors and patterns.
Define: Aluminum
A soft, non-magnetic metal made from bauxite, is silvery in color and easily worked.
Define: Chromium (chrome)
Is the metal most associated with the modern interior. It is non-magnetic and oxidation resistant. It sheds water well and does not tarnish in air.
Define: Stainless steel
Is a blend of highly alloyed steels and 10% chromium. Stainless stell is resistant to heat, oxidation, and corrosion, and is strong, tough, and easy to manufacture. This elegant material is important to modern architecture externally and internally.
Silver and gold
Are used in limited ways in the interior. Gold can be used to plate metals and add a decorative finish. Gold is resistant to corrosion and not attacked by acids.
Define: Masonite or particle board
Hybrid materials reduce the consumption of wood, and is thus an act of conservation. Can cause off-gassing.
Define: Off-gassing
The processing of the finished product uses energy, and the product may give off fumes over time.
Evaluate materials for interiors based on: (3 things)
1) functional criteria
2) aesthetic criteria
3) economic criteria
Define: Soft flooring
carpets, hand-made and machine made rugs and matting
Define: Resilient flooring (types)
Include wood, cork, rubber, leather, linoleum, asphalt, asphalt mixtures and vinyl
Examples of hard flooring
stone, brick, porcelain and ceramic tile, mosaic tiles, concrete and terrazzo
Define: face fiber
Surface fiber that you feel under your feet
Define: underlayment
padding
Define: broadloom
carpet woven on a loom wider than 6'.
What are some traditional handmade rug styles?
include authentic Oriental rugs which are define as hand-knotted using either the Senneh or Persian knot or the Ghiordes or Turkish knot. Natural materials such as silk or wool tufts are knotted onto a woven backing. Quality is determined by the yarns and dyes used and the number of cords and resulting "knots per square" centimeter
Define: Axminster
Are carpets woven on a complicated loom using an industrial technique that is now obsolete. Axminster rugs made before 1835 were hand-knotted.
Quality is determined by welt rows per inch with 11 rows being high quality and 5 rows lower quality.
Khilm (Kelim or Kilim)
A non-pile rug from eastern European countries with stylized designs, featuring flowers, animals, and other natural motifs. Construction is similar to tapestry weaving except the ends of all filling yarns are woven in so that the pattern is reversible.
Define: Dhurrie (Durrie, Durry)
Literally means "door mat." These rugs are made in India. They are non-pile, handwoven and reversible with crosswise sstriations or stylized designs.
Define: Wilton
Wilton carpets are made on an adaption of Jacquard loom and feature a variety of textures
How is the strength of concrete usually determined?
By the ratio of water to cement. The less water used, the stronger the concrete.
What is steel? What are it's shortcomings? What is its advantage?
made by removing some of the carbon content of iron. Prone to failure when temperatures rise above 550 celsius so they are coated in cement or other combustible materials. Also prone to corrosion in damp conditions so it is often sprayed with zinc. Advantage: strong in both compressive (walls and columns) and tensile strength ( floors and roof rafters)
What combination of metals is brass made of?
copper and zinc
What combination of metals is bronze made of?
tin and copper.
What widths are woven carpets available in today? Tufted carpet? Standard width?
30' widths. Tufted: 18' widths, and standard 12' width.
How do you determine an estimate to carpet a room?
Measure length and width of room, convert from inches to feet and multiply to get square footage. Divide that number by 9 to obtain number of square yards.
How is quality for traditional handmade rugs determined? Number of knots per square centimeter typically?
by the yarns and dyes used and the number of cords and resulting knots per square centimeter. A modern rug usually contains 16-35 knots per centimeter; the higher the number, the thicker the pile and clearer the pattern