"- Anatomy and Physiology of a Cell:<br /> o The cells of the human body are surrounded by extracellular fluid, which is mostly water, and an extracellular matrix.<br /> o The plasma membrane is the outer shell of a cell.<br /> o The cytoplasm and nucleus are inside the membrane.<br /> - Plasma Membrane: a phospholipid bilayer that keeps the inside of the cell in and outside of the cell out. Contains cholesterol and a variety of proteins (structural proteins, ion and water channels, and glycoproteins)<br /> o Channel proteins: have a hollow central pore, or channel, that allows water or small, charged particles (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) to pass into or out of the cell<br /> o Glycocalyx: layer of carbohydrate groups surrounding a cell which helps cells bind to extracellular substances, which is important for cell recognition<br /> o Membrane Transport: movement of substances across the plasma membrane<br /> Passive Transport: doesn’t require energy<br /> • Diffusion: movement of material from a place where it is concentrated to a place where it is less concentrated<br /> • Channel Proteins: provides pathways across a cell membrane that allow specific substances to diffuse into or out of the cell<br /> Active Transport: requires energy because it makes a substance go where it doesn’t want to go<br /> - Parts of the Cell<br /> o Cytoskeleton: network of proteins that defines the shape of a cell and gives it mechanical strength<br /> 3 types of long fibers:<br /> • Microfilaments: thinnest, made of actin subunits, found in most cells (prominent in muscle cells)<br /> • Intermediate filaments: made of keratin, extend across a cell giving the cell strength to resist external pulling forces<br /> • Microtubules: largest, composed of tubulin subunits, helps separate and organize chromosome during cell division<br /> Microvilli: finger like extension that increases the surface area of a cell<br /> Cilia: hair-like projections that actively flex back and forth to move fluid or mucus across the outside of the cell<br /> Centrioles: in the centrosome, area of the cell near the nucleus, helps guide the movement and separation of chromosome during cell division<br /> o Mitochondria: responsible for making ATP, the universal carrier of energy within cells, also known as the powerhouse of the cell<br /> o Golgi apparatus: set of membrane discs in the cytoplasm (usually between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane of the cell) that produces small membranous spheres called vesicles<br /> o Ribosomes: large enzymes that make polypeptides<br /> o Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of membranes in the cytoplasm<br /> Rough ER: has ribosomes attached to it, site for protein production and modification<br /> Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes attached to it, sit e where replacement membrane is made for membranous structures in the cell, it is also a cite of steroid hormone production in cells of reproductive organs<br /> o Nucleus: contains the cells genetic information", "- Carbohydrates: also known as saccharides are “sugar and starch” molecules<br /> o Function: serves as a source of chemical energy/ fuel which the body can utilize to make ATP<br /> o Simple carbohydrates/sugars made of just one or 2 simple subunits<br /> o Glucose: monosaccharide and is the main form of sugar that circulates in the blood<br /> o Glycogen: polymer of glucose found in plants and animals<br /> Liver and muscles cells make glycogen molecules from glucose<br /> Form of stored fuel<br /> - Proteins: large biological molecules made of chains of dozens to hundreds of amino acids<br /> o Function: helps form the structure of cells, act as carriers (hemoglobin and myoglobin), and enzymes catalyze (speed up) specific biological reactions<br /> o Amino Acids: building blocks of proteins, 20 common amino acids which all share a common design: each has an identical backbone consisting of an amino group, an acid group, and a central carbon in between.<br /> o Peptide Bonds: a bond linking the amino group of one amino acid to the acid group of another.<br /> Polypeptide: a longer chain of amino acids<br /> - Lipids: fats and oils and related molecules<br /> o Facts:<br /> Rich in carbon and hydrogen and contain oxygen atoms and sometimes other types of atoms<br /> Don’t dissolve well in water or blood<br /> o Fatty Acid: hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic group at one end<br /> Saturated: fatty acids with single bonds<br /> Unsaturated: fatty acids with one or more double bonds<br /> o Steroids: cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and testosterone, and estrogen are hormones that regulate the reproductive system<br /> o Glycerides: composed of a glycerol molecule with 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids attached, to make mono-, di-, and triglycerides.<br /> Important energy storage molecules in the body<br /> o Phospholipids: the phosphate-bearing head is hydrophilic (can form energetically favored hydrogen bonds with water molecules) and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (cannot form favorable hydrogen bonds with water)<br /> In a watery environment, phospholipids tend to form bilayer, liposomes, or micelles with the heads facing the water and the tail adjacent to one another<br /> - Nucleic Acids: key information carrying molecules in the cells<br /> o Two kinds of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)<br /> DNA: double helix, made up of nucleotides containing A, G, C, and T.<br /> RNA: single chain, made up of nucleotides containing A, G, C, and U. o There are only 5 kinds of nucleotides, the bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil<br /> o Nucleotides: subunits that make up nucleic acids containing a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base<br /> o Chromosomes: one DNA molecule and the proteins around, every human cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent<br /> o Human Genome: DNA sequence of a human<br /> o ATP: adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide composed of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups<br /> Common energy source used in many cellular processes"
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