"Impaired control", "using for longer than intended or larger amounts than intended; wanting to reduce use but being unsuccessful doing so; spending excessive time getting/using/recovering from drug use; very intense cravings" "Social impairment", "continues use despite problems in spheres of life; continues despite interpersonal problems regarding substance use; reduced social and recreational activities because of substance use" "Risky use", "repeated use in physically dangerous situations; repeated use despite worsening physical and psychological problems" "Pharmacological criteria", "development of tolerance and withdrawal" "Key brain areas associated with addiction", "Insula, basal ganglia, midbrain, raphe nucleus, VTA, Nucleus accumbens, PFC, striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, extended amygdala" "Addiction cycle", "Binge/Intoxication, Withdrawal/Negative effects, Preoccupation/anticipation" "Binge/Intoxication", "stage when the individual consumes an intoxicating substance and experiences its rewarding/pleasurable effects" "Withdrawal/negative effect", "stage when the individual experiences negative emotional state in absence of substance" "Preoccupation/anticipation", "stage when individual seeks substance again after period of abstinence" "Action potentials", "Involves the temporal opening and closing of several voltage-dependent ion channels within the cell membrane" "Drugs excitatory effects on neurotransmission", "They increase synthesis of NTs, increase release of NTs, bind to receptors, block presynaptic ATs, block reuptake of NTs, block enzymes that break down NTs" "Drugs inhibitory effects on neurotransmission", "Decrease synthesis of NTs, decrease storage of NTs, decrease release of NTs, block receptors, stimulate presynaptic ATs" "GABA", "Most inhibitory NT, essential for relaxation. Location: up to 40% of neurons in brain<br /> Affected directly by: valium, Xanax, rohypnol, barbiturates, alcohol" "Glutamate", "Most excitatory NT, responsible for sensory signals, brain excitability, brain plasticity, learning, and memory. Location: in over half of all synapses in brain<br /> Affected directly by: alcohol, PCP, ketamine" "Norepinephrine", "Actions similar to sympathetic nervous system, arousal, mood, sex, appetite. Location: Locus Coeruleus. Affected by cocaine, amphetamine" "Dopamine", "Involved in arousal, mood, sex, appetite, motor function, reward and addiction. Located in: basal ganglia, VTA. Affected by: cocaine, amphetamine, Parkinson's drugs, antipsychotics" "Serotonin", "Directly affected by antidepressants, ecstasy, LSD" "Pharmacokinetics", "Study of how drugs are handled by the body—How they’re absorbed, distributed, transformed, metabolized, and excreted" "ROA’s", "sublingual, oral, inhalation, intranasal, transdermal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular" "Bioavailability", "Extent to which a drug reaches its site of action (reduced by first pass effect)" "First pass effect", "metabolism by the liver reduces the concentration of drug before it enters the systemic circulation—reduces bioavailability" "Distribution", "influenced by molecular size, fat vs water-soluble, ability to cross membranes—areas of the body that get the most blood will have highest concentrations"
Download CSV
