Martha bernal
Introduced the use of learning theory and methods to the treatment and assessment of children's behavioral problems, and helped to advance the study of multicultural psychology
aristotle
Argued for the role of nurture in psychological development
Wilhelm Wundt
Created the first psychology laboratory
William James
Looked for causes and consequences of behaviors and mental processes
Sigmund Freud
Theorized that behavior is shaped by unconscious thoughts and feelings
Naomi Weisstein
Criticized male psychologists for constructing the psychology of women
J. Piaget
Developed an important theory of cognitive development in children
Carl Rogers
Well-known humanist psychologist
Cecil Sumner
Established a psychology degree at Howard University
B. F. Skinner
Well-known behaviorist psychologist
Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B. Titchener
Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience
Functionalism: William James
Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erickson, Karen Horney
Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
Behaviorism: John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner
Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself
Biological: Michael Gazzaniga
Focuses on the role of biology (genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones, and the brain) on human behavior and mental processes
Humanistic: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
Emphasis is placed on the individual’s potential for personal growth
Cognitive: Hermann Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget
The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments
Social-cultural: Fritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter
The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior
Evolutionary: Charles Darwin, David Buss, Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker
Focuses on adaptation and survival as the basis of behavior and mental processes
Biopsychology
explores how our biology influences our behavior and typically focuses on the immediate causes of behavior based in the physiology of a human or other animal.
Evolutionary psychology
seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior (nature over nurture)
Cognitive psychology
area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.
Developmental psychology
is the scientific study of development across a lifespan. While developmental psychologists are interested in processes related to physical maturation, their focus is not limited to the physical changes associated with aging.
Personality psychology
Personality psychology focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.
Social psychology
psychology focuses on how we interact with and relate to others.
Industrial-Organizational psychology
is a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings.
Health psychology
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
sport and exercise psychology
study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing.
Clinical psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.
Forensic psychology
is a branch of psychology that deals with questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system.
Study of memory and reasoning
Cognitive perspective
Study of behavior of crowds
"Social psychology"
Study that emphasizes free will and personal growth
Humanist psychology
Study of how norms in one region differ from another
Cultural psychology
Study of effects of brain damage on behavior
Biological perspective
Study of how genetics influence behavior in past and present
Evolutionary psychology
Study of peoples' willingness to help a stranger
Sociocultural perspective
Study of gender-biased research methods
Feminist psychology
Study of the growth of children
Developmental psychology
Study with a focus on dreams and universal fears of death
Psychodynamic perspective
Study of how rewards and punishments affect behavior
Behavioral psychology